Two systematic reviews have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of elements of the medical history, physical examination, or readily available tests…
SYMPTOMS THAT RULE OUT (Lowest -LR): The absence of pain of sudden onset substantively decreases the probability of dissection (negative…
Functions on the premise of mismatch in coronary perfusion after a vasodilator (e.g dipyridamole) is administered. HOW? The coronary vessels…
Up to 40% of inferior wall Myocardial infarctions have associated right ventricular involvement. Venodilation and medications that decrease RV filling…
Ventricular interdependence occurs when there is discordance. This results from the heart ventricles filling out of phase with one another.…
The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…
The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. When ST elevation is present,…
QT interval is the length between the beginning of the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) and end of the T wave…
It is quite common to see accompanying acute kidney injury during a congestive heart failure exacerbation. WHY? Renal hypo-perfusion secondary…
Sodium bicarbonate has become the mainstay treatment for arrhythmias caused by TCA toxicity. The cardiotoxic effects of TCA work via…
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