ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) Wide, Fixed split S2 (in contrast to the normal variation in splitting during the respiratory cycle).…
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone created in response to cardiac wall stretch due to volume or pressure overload.…
It is not clearly understood why patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) develop pericardial effusions. However, the presence of a pericardial…
Two systematic reviews have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of elements of the medical history, physical examination, or readily available tests…
SYMPTOMS THAT RULE OUT (Lowest -LR): The absence of pain of sudden onset substantively decreases the probability of dissection (negative…
Functions on the premise of mismatch in coronary perfusion after a vasodilator (e.g dipyridamole) is administered. HOW? The coronary vessels…
Up to 40% of inferior wall Myocardial infarctions have associated right ventricular involvement. Venodilation and medications that decrease RV filling…
Ventricular interdependence occurs when there is discordance. This results from the heart ventricles filling out of phase with one another.…
The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…
The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. Image taken from Wikipedia When…
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