Cardiology

ASD vs. VSD Murmur Difference

ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) Wide, Fixed split S2 (in contrast to the normal variation in splitting during the respiratory cycle).…

10 months ago

Why is Pro-BNP/ BNP lower in Obesity?

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone created in response to cardiac wall stretch due to volume or pressure overload.…

2 years ago

Cause of Pericardial Effusion in Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathogenesis

It is not clearly understood why patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) develop pericardial effusions. However, the presence of a pericardial…

4 years ago

JAMA: Does this patient have Heart Failure? Likelihood Ratios

Two systematic reviews have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of elements of the medical history, physical examination, or readily available tests…

5 years ago

JAMA- Aortic Dissection [Likelihood Ratios]

SYMPTOMS THAT RULE OUT  (Lowest -LR):  The absence of pain of sudden onset substantively decreases the probability of dissection (negative…

5 years ago

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Mechanism

Functions on the premise of mismatch in coronary perfusion after a vasodilator (e.g dipyridamole) is administered.  HOW? The coronary vessels…

5 years ago

Why no Nitrates in Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Up to 40% of inferior wall Myocardial infarctions have associated right ventricular involvement. Venodilation and medications that decrease RV filling…

6 years ago

What is Ventricular interdependence?

Ventricular interdependence occurs when there is discordance. This results from the heart ventricles filling out of phase with one another.…

6 years ago

Frank-Starling Mechanism: Physiology

The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…

6 years ago

Non-MI Causes of ST Elevation

The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. Image taken from Wikipedia When…

6 years ago

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