Cardiology

ASD vs. VSD Murmur Difference

ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) Wide, Fixed split S2 (in contrast to the normal variation in splitting during the respiratory cycle).…

6 months ago

Why is Pro-BNP/ BNP lower in Obesity?

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone created in response to cardiac wall stretch due to volume or pressure overload.…

2 years ago

Cause of Pericardial Effusion in Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathogenesis

It is not clearly understood why patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) develop pericardial effusions. However, the presence of a pericardial…

3 years ago

JAMA: Does this patient have Heart Failure? Likelihood Ratios

Two systematic reviews have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of elements of the medical history, physical examination, or readily available tests…

4 years ago

JAMA- Aortic Dissection [Likelihood Ratios]

SYMPTOMS THAT RULE OUT  (Lowest -LR):  The absence of pain of sudden onset substantively decreases the probability of dissection (negative…

4 years ago

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Mechanism

Functions on the premise of mismatch in coronary perfusion after a vasodilator (e.g dipyridamole) is administered.  HOW? The coronary vessels…

4 years ago

Why no Nitrates in Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Up to 40% of inferior wall Myocardial infarctions have associated right ventricular involvement. Venodilation and medications that decrease RV filling…

5 years ago

What is Ventricular interdependence?

Ventricular interdependence occurs when there is discordance. This results from the heart ventricles filling out of phase with one another.…

5 years ago

Frank-Starling Mechanism: Physiology

The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…

6 years ago

Non-MI Causes of ST Elevation

The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. Image taken from Wikipedia When…

6 years ago

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