Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is thought to lead to secondary polycythemia due to intermittent hypoxia, which stimulates the release of…
Catabolism of hemoglobin leads to the release of heme, which converts to biliverdin and then to unconjugated bilirubin in the…
Tongue scalloping refers to the series of indentations along the sides of the tongue that occur due to pressure from…
Older age is recognized as a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea.[1] But why? Suspected physiologic changes with older age…
Being overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)/Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) is one of the most substantial risk factors for the…
Nocturia is a common symptom associated with obstructive sleep apnea. [1] Img Cred: Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021 May-Jun; 15(3):…
ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) Wide, Fixed split S2 (in contrast to the normal variation in splitting during the respiratory cycle).…
Mixed apneas are characterized by absent respiratory effort and airflow in the first section of the event and respiratory effort…
Although rare, the differential diagnosis of hypoventilation and hypercapnia respiratory failure includes hypothyroidism. It is usually associated with severe hypothyroidism…
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone created in response to cardiac wall stretch due to volume or pressure overload.…
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