Serum Creatinine can be a deceptive surrogate during an acute kidney injury. It may lag behind acute onset renal failure…
Within the collecting duct of the kidney, Aquaporin water channels (AQP2) under the regulation of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) control the…
The serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is typically used as a surrogate for renal function. Hence, when increased it is often…
Plasma Osmolality: The total solute concentration within a given fluid compartment (Mosm/kg). Hence it is NOT dependent on temperature and…
It is quite common to see accompanying acute kidney injury during a congestive heart failure exacerbation. WHY? Renal hypo-perfusion secondary…
A common treatment modality for hypokalemia is intravenous potassium replacement; especially in the setting of critically low values (<2.5). When…
Post hypercapnic alkalosis (PHA) is frequently overlooked as a complication of acutely intubated & mechanically ventilated patients with COPD exacerbations.…
Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid in the body binds to glucocorticoid receptors. However, given its molecular similarity to Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) it…
Multi system disorder seen only in patients with CKD (GFR <15; rarely with a GFR of 15–29, but FDA currently…
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic that acts in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney on the Na/Cl- symporter to…
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