1. Refractory Fluid Overload 2. Severe hyperkalemia (>6.5 mEq/L) or rapidly rising potassium levels 3. Signs of uremia including pericarditis,…
During the bleed, there will be sympathetic mediated vasoconstriction and also hemostasis (platelet plug). It has been demonstrated in an…
Isotonic pH 6.6 130 mEq Sodium 4 mEq Potassium 3 mEq Calcium 109 mEq Chloride 28 mEq Sodium Lactate (provides…
Obstructive shock occurs due to obstruction of the cardiovascular system. Commonly due to PE, Tension pneumothorax and Tamponade. HOW? PE…
Hypercalcemia can occur in the context of several granulomatous diseases including: Sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Silicosis, Berylliosis, Tuberculosis, Fungal granulomas and…
The stomach acts as a reservoir for digestion. Food will be stored and broken down in it via acid and…
Fat stranding is a term used to describe increased (abnormal) attenuation of fat on CT scan typically. It is suggestive…
Iron poisoning is often listed in the classic metabolic acidosis mnemonic MUDPILES, but how does it cause an anion gap…
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) Asymptomatic premalignant state Common in elderly population (~10% in patients >75 years old) Paraprotein…
Do not mix pRBC infusion with hypotonic solution (i.e D5W). Why? The hypotonic solution has a lower osmolarity, will shift…
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