Iron poisoning is often listed in the classic metabolic acidosis mnemonic MUDPILES, but how does it cause an anion gap…
Hypothyroidism has been recognized as a cause of secondary hypertension. Previous studies on the prevalence of hypertension in subjects with…
Primary: Elevated PTH that results in elevated Ca2+. Typically caused by parathyroid adenoma. Secondary: Elevated PTH due to Low Ca2+ (Hypocalcemia).…
Ionized Calcium (Ca2+) and Hydrogen ions (H+) compete for binding to Albumin (-) and other negatively charged protein molecules. WHEN…
During the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, serum TBG levels will increase by two fold. This causes more T3/T4 to…
The serum osmolality is calculated by the concentrations of the different effective osmoles which compose it. The formula: Calculated Sosm …
Both will result in AM (morning) hyperglycemia. DAWN: "Think Dawn is Down" => Early morning hypergylcemia without preceding hypogylcemia. Secondary…
Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the hypothalamic- pituitary axis. Although the most common etiologies of…
Wolff-Chaikoff Effect: Iodine induced hypothyroidism. Can occur in normal or hyperthyroid state. Can be used as treatment against hyperthyroidism (i.e…
Pheochromocytoma= A rare catecholamine producing tumour that originate from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Patients classically present with: paroxysmal…
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