This is an important clinical distinction to make, but may not always be easy. Myopathy (Break down or inflammation of…
Rinne and Weber testing are useful clinical bedside assessments to differentiate the two primary causes of hearing loss. RINNE (+):…
Pronator Drift is commonly assessed during a stroke assessment. It is a marker of upper motor neuron weakness. MECHANISM: In…
Classical findings of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) include: Ataxia (typically the initial and most prominent symptom of NPH) Dementia Urinary…
Anterior cord syndrome arises from damage to the spinothalamic and corticospinal pathways. Occurs due to injury of the anterior spinal…
The Caloric Reflex Test is used to test the Vestibulo–ocular reflex. It is one of the tests used to assess…
Classical clinical symptoms of Wernicke's Encephalopathy: Encephalopathy (i.e disorientation, inattentiveness) Oculomotor dysfunction (i.e typically bilateral horizontal nystagmus, lateral rectus palsy)…
Classical clinical symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) include: Fluctuating level of cognitive impairment Recurring visual hallucinations Parkinsonism (i.e bradykinesia,…
Neuroleptic medications can produce hyperprolactinemia even at very low doses and are the most common cause of galactorrhea in psychiatric…
Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Auto-antibodies against ACh Receptor POST-synaptic Motor response decreases with successive contractions of voluntary skeletal muscles (particularly ocular, masticatory,…
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