Neurology

Myopathy vs. Neuropathy

This is an important clinical distinction to make, but may not always be easy.  Myopathy (Break down or inflammation of…

9 years ago

Rinne vs. Weber: Explained

Rinne and Weber testing are useful clinical bedside assessments to differentiate the two primary causes of hearing loss. RINNE (+):…

9 years ago

Pronator Drift: Mechanism

Pronator Drift is commonly assessed during a stroke assessment. It is a marker of upper motor neuron weakness. MECHANISM: In…

9 years ago

Triad of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Classical findings of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) include: Ataxia (typically the initial and most prominent symptom of NPH) Dementia Urinary…

9 years ago

Anterior spinal artery syndrome

Anterior cord syndrome arises from damage to the spinothalamic and corticospinal pathways.  Occurs due to injury of the anterior spinal…

9 years ago

Caloric Reflex (COWS): How does it work?

The Caloric Reflex Test is used to test the Vestibulo–ocular reflex. It is one of the tests used to assess…

10 years ago

Triad of Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

Classical clinical symptoms of Wernicke's Encephalopathy: Encephalopathy (i.e disorientation, inattentiveness) Oculomotor dysfunction (i.e typically bilateral horizontal nystagmus, lateral rectus palsy)…

10 years ago

Triad of Lewy Body Dementia

Classical clinical symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) include: Fluctuating level of cognitive impairment Recurring visual hallucinations Parkinsonism (i.e bradykinesia,…

10 years ago

Neuroleptics and Prolactin: Mechanism

Neuroleptic medications can produce hyperprolactinemia even at very low doses and are the most common cause of galactorrhea in psychiatric…

10 years ago

Lambert-Eaton vs. Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Auto-antibodies against ACh Receptor POST-synaptic Motor response decreases with successive contractions of voluntary skeletal muscles (particularly ocular, masticatory,…

10 years ago

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