During a Respiratory exam, the question of paradoxical breathing commonly comes up. The more accurate and correct term is actually…
Sometimes when interpreting spiromtery, a patient may have what appears to be a mixed obstructive/ restrictive picture. (Reduced FEV1/FVC and…
Within the collecting duct of the kidney, Aquaporin water channels (AQP2) under the regulation of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) control the…
The serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is typically used as a surrogate for renal function. Hence, when increased it is often…
Plasma Osmolality: The total solute concentration within a given fluid compartment (Mosm/kg). Hence it is NOT dependent on temperature and…
It is quite common to see accompanying acute kidney injury during a congestive heart failure exacerbation. WHY? Renal hypo-perfusion secondary…
Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors which originate most often in the bowel, less commonly in the lungs, and rarely…
A common treatment modality for hypokalemia is intravenous potassium replacement; especially in the setting of critically low values (<2.5). When…
Hungry Bone syndrome is a phenomenon of post-operative hypocalcemia. It is an uncommon, but serious post-surgical sequalae of parathyroidectomy. It…
Sulfonylureas were discovered in 1942, and several have been available since the 1960s. Glyburide is a second-generation sulfonylurea, it works…
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