The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…
The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. Image taken from Wikipedia When…
QT interval is the length between the beginning of the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) and end of the T wave…
During a Respiratory exam, the question of paradoxical breathing commonly comes up. The more accurate and correct term is actually…
Sometimes when interpreting spiromtery, a patient may have what appears to be a mixed obstructive/ restrictive picture. (Reduced FEV1/FVC and…
Within the collecting duct of the kidney, Aquaporin water channels (AQP2) under the regulation of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) control the…
The serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is typically used as a surrogate for renal function. Hence, when increased it is often…
Plasma Osmolality: The total solute concentration within a given fluid compartment (Mosm/kg). Hence it is NOT dependent on temperature and…
It is quite common to see accompanying acute kidney injury during a congestive heart failure exacerbation. WHY? Renal hypo-perfusion secondary…
Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors which originate most often in the bowel, less commonly in the lungs, and rarely…
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