It is common dogma on the wards that oxygen therapy for chronic CO2 retainers should be targeted between 88-92% during…
Shock is defined as a state where the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving adequate blood perfusion…
Refeeding Syndrome is a set of clinical complications that typically occur in severely malnourished patients as a result of aggressive…
The Frank-Starling mechanism is a relationship characterizing stroke volume with pre-load. Stroke volume is dependent on the following: Pre-load: changes…
The ST segment on an ECG represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization. Image taken from Wikipedia When…
QT interval is the length between the beginning of the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) and end of the T wave…
During a Respiratory exam, the question of paradoxical breathing commonly comes up. The more accurate and correct term is actually…
Sometimes when interpreting spiromtery, a patient may have what appears to be a mixed obstructive/ restrictive picture. (Reduced FEV1/FVC and…
Within the collecting duct of the kidney, Aquaporin water channels (AQP2) under the regulation of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) control the…
The serum creatinine concentration (Cr) is typically used as a surrogate for renal function. Hence, when increased it is often…
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