Neurology

How can Levodopa cross the blood-brain barrier, while Dopamine cannot?

Exogenous Dopamine is unable to cross the tight junctions of the endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Dopamine has no clinically…

9 years ago

Dementia with Lewy bodies: Why to avoid Haldol

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia in the elderly (accounting for 15-20%…

9 years ago

Why Steroids before Antibiotics in Bacterial Meningitis?

Studies have demonstrated that patients with pneumococcal meningitis had reduced mortality (14 versus 34 percent placebo) and hearing loss (ototoxicity)…

9 years ago

Alcohol Withdrawal & GABA: Mechanism

MECHANISM: Abrupt withdrawal is thought to reduce inhibitory neurotransmission and enhance excitatory neurotransmission. Caused by the effects of alcohol on…

9 years ago

ADLs (DEATH) and IADLs (SHAFT)

ADLS (Activities of daily living): Often used to assess functional status; Mostly used for elderly or chronically ill patients. D-…

10 years ago

What are the Reversible Causes of Dementia? (mnemonic)

VERY common question on internal medicine wards, and important to recognize as early as possible! The mnemonic commonly used is…

10 years ago

When to administer Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

tPA is considered a gold standard for treatment of patients with ischemic strokes. Mechanism: Works by dissolving clots and restoring/improving…

10 years ago

VITAMINS- Causes for Seizures

Vascular (Stroke, Hemorrhage, AV Malformation, Malignant Hypertension) Infection (Meningitis, Abscess, Encephalitis) Trauma Auto-immune (CNS, Vasculitis) Metabolic (Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hypogylcemia, Hypomagnesemia,…

10 years ago

What are the signs of Pseudo seizures (Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures)?

Controversial topic, and do not refer to them as Pseudo seizures to staff/neurology. The correct terminology is Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures.…

10 years ago

Why CT before LP in Suspected Meningitis?

Traditional thinking was if there is a space occupying lesion, it may result in increased ICP. When you perform a…

10 years ago

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