When to administer Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

10 years ago

tPA is considered a gold standard for treatment of patients with ischemic strokes. Mechanism: Works by dissolving clots and restoring/improving…

Biochemical signs of Overdiuresis

10 years ago

Diuresis is an important treatment in the setting of fluid overload. But it has potential side effects. Of NOTE: Thiazide:…

What is pRBC, FFP and Cyro?

10 years ago

pRBC (Packed Red Blood Cells): Blood centrifuged to remove plasma. Will replace red blood cell to improve oxygenation and anemia…

How much does 1 pRBC increase Hemoglobin?

10 years ago

NOTE: One unit of packed red cells will usually raise the hemoglobin by approximately 1 g/dL (10 g/L) REFERENCES  Chapter…

What are the complications of massive Blood Transfusion?

10 years ago

MOST COMMON: FNHTR [Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction] (5% with platelets, <1% with RBCs), allo-immunization to red cell antigen Serious: TACO…

VITAMINS- Causes for Seizures

10 years ago

Vascular (Stroke, Hemorrhage, AV Malformation, Malignant Hypertension) Infection (Meningitis, Abscess, Encephalitis) Trauma Auto-immune (CNS, Vasculitis) Metabolic (Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hypogylcemia, Hypomagnesemia,…

What is Lactate?

10 years ago

WHAT IS IT? Lactate (conjugate base of Lactic acid) is formed from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase in the…

What are “Atypical” Pathogens in Pneumonia?

10 years ago

WHO? Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Causal agents for Pneumonia (CAP). WHY? They lack a cell wall and…

Why does Hyperglycemia cause Hyponatremia?

10 years ago

The human body will maintain a serum [Na+] between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia in the context of hypergylcemia is…

Warms vs. Cold Shock

10 years ago

Warm Shock  Cold Shock THINK: sepsis, anaphylaxis, neuro/CNS Warm, bounding & wide pulses, good cap refill, flushed Due to  vasodilating…

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