When to administer Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

9 years ago

tPA is considered a gold standard for treatment of patients with ischemic strokes. Mechanism: Works by dissolving clots and restoring/improving…

Biochemical signs of Overdiuresis

9 years ago

Diuresis is an important treatment in the setting of fluid overload. But it has potential side effects. Of NOTE: Thiazide:…

What is pRBC, FFP and Cyro?

9 years ago

pRBC (Packed Red Blood Cells): Blood centrifuged to remove plasma. Will replace red blood cell to improve oxygenation and anemia…

How much does 1 pRBC increase Hemoglobin?

9 years ago

NOTE: One unit of packed red cells will usually raise the hemoglobin by approximately 1 g/dL (10 g/L) REFERENCES  Chapter…

What are the complications of massive Blood Transfusion?

9 years ago

MOST COMMON: FNHTR [Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction] (5% with platelets, <1% with RBCs), allo-immunization to red cell antigen Serious: TACO…

VITAMINS- Causes for Seizures

9 years ago

Vascular (Stroke, Hemorrhage, AV Malformation, Malignant Hypertension) Infection (Meningitis, Abscess, Encephalitis) Trauma Auto-immune (CNS, Vasculitis) Metabolic (Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hypogylcemia, Hypomagnesemia,…

What is Lactate?

9 years ago

WHAT IS IT? Lactate (conjugate base of Lactic acid) is formed from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase in the…

What are “Atypical” Pathogens in Pneumonia?

9 years ago

WHO? Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Causal agents for Pneumonia (CAP). WHY? They lack a cell wall and…

Why does Hyperglycemia cause Hyponatremia?

9 years ago

The human body will maintain a serum [Na+] between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia in the context of hypergylcemia is…

Warms vs. Cold Shock

9 years ago

Warm Shock  Cold Shock THINK: sepsis, anaphylaxis, neuro/CNS Warm, bounding & wide pulses, good cap refill, flushed Due to  vasodilating…

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