How much does 1 pRBC increase Hemoglobin?

8 years ago

NOTE: One unit of packed red cells will usually raise the hemoglobin by approximately 1 g/dL (10 g/L) REFERENCES  Chapter…

What are the complications of massive Blood Transfusion?

8 years ago

MOST COMMON: FNHTR [Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction] (5% with platelets, <1% with RBCs), allo-immunization to red cell antigen Serious: TACO…

VITAMINS- Causes for Seizures

8 years ago

Vascular (Stroke, Hemorrhage, AV Malformation, Malignant Hypertension) Infection (Meningitis, Abscess, Encephalitis) Trauma Auto-immune (CNS, Vasculitis) Metabolic (Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hypogylcemia, Hypomagnesemia,…

What is Lactate?

8 years ago

WHAT IS IT? Lactate (conjugate base of Lactic acid) is formed from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase in the…

What are “Atypical” Pathogens in Pneumonia?

8 years ago

WHO? Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Causal agents for Pneumonia (CAP). WHY? They lack a cell wall and…

Why does Hyperglycemia cause Hyponatremia?

8 years ago

The human body will maintain a serum [Na+] between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia in the context of hypergylcemia is…

Warms vs. Cold Shock

8 years ago

Warm Shock  Cold Shock THINK: sepsis, anaphylaxis, neuro/CNS Warm, bounding & wide pulses, good cap refill, flushed Due to  vasodilating…

Why do ACE inhibitors cause cough?

8 years ago

A dry and often bothersome cough is the most common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Recent studies indicate that cough…

Why does Addison disease cause hyperpigmented skin?

8 years ago

 Addison disease => autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands The destruction results in less cortisol production by adrenals. This causes an…

PIRATES: Causes of Atrial fibrillation

8 years ago

PIRATES : Pulmonary disease Ischemia Rheumatic heart disease Anemia/Atrial myxoma Thyrotoxicosis Ethanol Sepsis Chronic AF— hypertension, CHF.

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