Alpha 1 Anti Trypsin: Pi*MM, Pi*MZ, Pi*ZZ, Pi*null

5 years ago

Alpha1 antitrypsin (α1 AT) deficiency is the only known genetic abnormality that leads to COPD; it accounts for less than…

Why Prednisolone for Alcoholic Hepatitis?

6 years ago

Patients presenting with severe alcoholic hepatitis (Discriminant Function value ≥32) have high short-term mortality and may benefit from treatment with…

Factor VIII: DIC vs Liver Disease (Cirrhosis)

6 years ago

Distinguishing between the coagulation abnormalities of liver disease vs. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be difficult as clinical and biochemical findings…

What is Hoover Sign?

6 years ago

Hoover's sign refers to the paradoxical inspiratory retraction of the rib cage and lower intercostal interspaces. Normally, the costal margin…

Why does the lupus malar rash spare the nasolabial folds?

6 years ago

Malar rash (also known as the “butterfly rash,”) is an acute manifestation of lupus (SLE) seen in over 50% of…

Why no Nitrates in Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

6 years ago

Up to 40% of inferior wall Myocardial infarctions have associated right ventricular involvement. Venodilation and medications that decrease RV filling…

What is Ventricular interdependence?

6 years ago

Ventricular interdependence occurs when there is discordance. This results from the heart ventricles filling out of phase with one another.…

Hypoxia and pulmonary embolism (PE): Mechanism

6 years ago

The clot CAUSES Dead space; which does not cause hypoxia/hypoxemia on its own. ALWAYS ASK ABOUT:  Resp Rate (PE creates…

Why is LDH elevated in Pleural Fluid from Diuretics: Mechanism

6 years ago

It is common teaching to be judicious when interpreting the thoracentesis results of patients receiving diuretic therapy. It is stated,…

Lung lobes most commonly affected by Aspiration (Upright vs. Supine)

6 years ago

Aspiration events have a gravity-based predilection, meaning the lobes/ lung segments in the most dependent positions are likely affected. Also,…

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