Pheochromocytoma= A rare catecholamine producing tumour that originate from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Patients classically present with: paroxysmal…
Idiopathic (i.e microlithiasis) · Gallstones Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Trauma (especially blunt abdominal trauma)· Scorpion bites (Tityus trinitatis, Trinidad) Mumps.…
HYPOCALCEMIA Low serum calcium levels in the blood< 2.12mmol/L (TOTAL) and <1.16mmol/L (+) Signs and Symptoms POSITIVE bathmotropic effects due…
The human body will maintain a serum [Na+] between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia in the context of hypergylcemia is…
Addison disease => autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands The destruction results in less cortisol production by adrenals. This causes an…
Acetone produces the characteristic fruity odor on the breath found in some patients in DKA. HOW? Acetone is very volatile…
When pH drops, K+ is pumped out of the cell in exchange for H+ because the body is trying to…
Anion gap = Difference between the unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions in the serum [artificial] It will done with serum…
Type 1 Type 2 Abrupt Polyuria (increased urine production) HOW? The increase glucose in the blood will act as an…
Metabolic effects Insulin stimulates Insulin inhibits Carbohydrate metabolism Glucose transport in adipose tissue and muscle Rate of glycolysis in muscle…
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