Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): Type 1 vs. Type 2

8 years ago

Type 1: Heparin directly causes platelets to aggregate (non-immune). Occurs within 48hrs after initiating heparin; mild, transient and no treatment…

C5-C9 Deficiency: Neisseria infections

8 years ago

Neisseria meningitidis (Gram-negative cocci) life threatening cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis. Classically, individuals who lack terminal complement proteins (C5-C9)…

Caloric Reflex (COWS): How does it work?

8 years ago

The Caloric Reflex Test is used to test the Vestibulo–ocular reflex. It is one of the tests used to assess…

Triad of Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

8 years ago

Classical clinical symptoms of Wernicke's Encephalopathy: Encephalopathy (i.e disorientation, inattentiveness) Oculomotor dysfunction (i.e typically bilateral horizontal nystagmus, lateral rectus palsy)…

Triad of Lewy Body Dementia

8 years ago

Classical clinical symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) include: Fluctuating level of cognitive impairment Recurring visual hallucinations Parkinsonism (i.e bradykinesia,…

Diastolic Hypertension in Hypothyroidism: Mechanism

8 years ago

Hypothyroidism has been recognized as a cause of secondary hypertension. Img Cred: http://circ.ahajournals.org/ Previous studies on the prevalence of hypertension…

Hyperparathyroidism: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

8 years ago

Primary: Elevated PTH that results in elevated Ca2+. Typically caused by parathyroid adenoma.  Secondary: Elevated PTH due to Low Ca2+ (Hypocalcemia).…

Hypercalcemia and Renal failure: Mechanism

8 years ago

Calcium homeostasis is normally under very tight control! There are 3 main sites of control: the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and…

Heinz bodies vs. Howell jolly bodies

8 years ago

Heinz bodies Howell jolly bodies Inclusions within red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin They are formed as a result…

How does pH affect Calcium?

8 years ago

Ionized Calcium (Ca2+) and Hydrogen ions (H+) compete for binding to Albumin (-) and other negatively charged protein molecules. WHEN…

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