Alcohol Withdrawal & GABA: Mechanism

9 years ago

MECHANISM: Abrupt withdrawal is thought to reduce inhibitory neurotransmission and enhance excitatory neurotransmission. Caused by the effects of alcohol on…

Why do you bridge Warfarin?

9 years ago

When you start a patient on Warfarin (i.e after a PE); there will be an overlap of administration of Warfarin…

What is Pulsus Paradoxus?

9 years ago

WHAT IS IT? Drop in blood pressure of more than 10 mmHg during inspiration phase. Technically not "paradoxical". It is…

Tyramine and MAO inhibitors: Mechanism

10 years ago

Patients on Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) inhibitors (especially MAO-A inhibitors or non-selective MAO inhibitors) are advised to avoid Tyramine rich foods.…

What are Non caseating (Non-necrotizing) Granulomas?

10 years ago

A granuloma is a focal, compact collection of inflammatory cells (i.e histocytes). "Caseation" (translation "turning to cheese"). Non caseating aka Non-necrotizing…

Hypercalcemia and Malignancy: Mechanism

10 years ago

Hypercalcemia affects up to a third of cancer patients and malignant hypercalcemia is the most common oncological emergency leading to…

Azotemia vs. Uremia

10 years ago

Azotemia => Characterized by increased levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (i.e urea, BUN) NOT severe enough to cause symptoms. Uremia =>…

Crohn’s disease and Nephrolithiasis: Mechanism

10 years ago

Renal disorders, especially nephrolithiasis, are observed in one-third of patients with Crohn's disease, probably related to increased oxalate absorption associated…

Purple Urine Syndrome: Mechanism

10 years ago

Rarely, there can be purple discoloration of the urine, collecting bag, and tubing (the purple urine bag syndrome). The purple…

How the Urea breath test works?

10 years ago

H. pylori that colonizes the gastric mucosa will produce an enzyme called Urease (catalyzes the breakdown of urea to produce…

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