Endocrinology

How Does Hypothyroidism Cause Hypoventilation?

Although rare, the differential diagnosis of hypoventilation and hypercapnia respiratory failure includes hypothyroidism. It is usually associated with severe hypothyroidism…

2 years ago

7 I’s of DKA: Causes Mnemonic

When a patient presents with DKA, it is important to try to elucidate the cause. An easy way to remember…

5 years ago

Refeeding Syndrome: Mechanism

Refeeding Syndrome is  a set of clinical complications that typically occur in severely malnourished patients as a result of aggressive…

6 years ago

Hunger Bone Syndrome: Mechanism

Hungry Bone syndrome is a phenomenon of post-operative hypocalcemia. It is an uncommon, but serious post-surgical sequalae of parathyroidectomy. It…

7 years ago

Glyburide and Hypogylcemia

Sulfonylureas were discovered in 1942, and several have been available since the 1960s. Glyburide is a second-generation sulfonylurea, it works…

7 years ago

Hyperprolactinemia: Causes

Prolactin (PRL) is an anterior pituitary hormone which has its principle physiological action in initiation and maintenance of lactation. It…

7 years ago

Why Hold Metformin after IV Contrast?

Metformin belongs to the Biguanide class of medications used to treat Type 2 Diabetes. Metformin works by decreasing the amount…

7 years ago

Hypocalcemia and Pancreatitis: Mechanism

Various studies have demonstrated Hypocalcemia as a poor prognostic marker in patients with pancreatitis. It is often apart of severity…

7 years ago

Propranolol and T4 & T3: Mechanism

Propranolol (Beta-blocker) decreases plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and increases plasma rT3 in a dose-dependent manner due to a decreased production rate…

8 years ago

Hypercalcemia in Granulomatous Disorders: Mechanism

Hypercalcemia can occur in the context of several granulomatous diseases including: Sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Silicosis, Berylliosis, Tuberculosis, Fungal granulomas and…

8 years ago

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