What are the Liver Function Tests (LFTs)?

8 years ago

A pretty standard question to be asked on the wards. They are markers of Liver Synthetic function; they are as…

Hypokalemia and Digoxin Toxicity

8 years ago

Digoxin [Antiarrhythmic (Class III)] competes with Potassium for binding to cellular Na+/K+ ATPase pumps. Hypokalemia predisposes the patient to Digoxin…

Interventions with Mortality Benefit in COPD

8 years ago

Smoking Cessation Long-term Oxygen therapy (>15 hours per day) Lung volume reduction surgery in certain subsets of COPD patients (Emphysema)…

Lambert-Eaton vs. Myasthenia Gravis

8 years ago

Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Auto-antibodies against ACh Receptor POST-synaptic Motor response decreases with successive contractions of voluntary skeletal muscles (particularly ocular, masticatory,…

How can Levodopa cross the blood-brain barrier, while Dopamine cannot?

8 years ago

Exogenous Dopamine is unable to cross the tight junctions of the endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Dopamine has no clinically…

Why is Sodium (Na+) times two in Osmolar gap?

8 years ago

The serum osmolality is calculated by the concentrations of the different effective osmoles which compose it. The formula: Calculated Sosm  …

Paget’s Disease and High-output Cardiac Heart Failure

8 years ago

Paget's disease of the bone (accelerated bone turnover and remodeling, resulting in impaired bone integrity and overgrowth) is one of…

Dementia with Lewy bodies: Why to avoid Haldol

8 years ago

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia in the elderly (accounting for 15-20%…

What is the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?

8 years ago

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is commonly seen in the first 24 hours of treatment and is characterized by low-grade fever, chills,…

Why Steroids before Antibiotics in Bacterial Meningitis?

8 years ago

Studies have demonstrated that patients with pneumococcal meningitis had reduced mortality (14 versus 34 percent placebo) and hearing loss (ototoxicity)…

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